Guidelines.

The quiz is closed book and all notes are forbidden. The duration of the quiz is 40 minutes. Exercises 1 and 2 are worth 8 points each, whereas each of the other two is worth 12 points. All answers should be written in the answer boxes. No justifications for the answers are needed unless explicitly required. You are expected to do this exam on your own without assistance from anyone else in the class. If possible, please avoid pencils and use pens with dark ink. Thank you.